What is a kidney stone?
A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones are sometimes called renal calculi. One in ...
Lung Cancer and EGFR
Overview
A substantial percentage of lung cancers express cell surface epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). As activation of these cell surface receptors has been shown in experimental systems to result in the growth and progression of the malignancy, there have been considerable pre-clinical and clinical research efforts ...
Fluorouracil Toxicity and DPYD
Overview
5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a fluorinated pyrimidine analogue commonly used in combination chemotherapy regimens for patients with breast, colorectal, lung, and other malignancies. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), an enzyme encoded by the DPYD gene, is the rate-limiting step in pyrimidine catabolism and deactivates more than 80% of standard ...
Colorectal Cancer and KRAS
Overview
One actively investigated approach in the management of advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has been the delivery of agents whose primary purpose is to interfere with the biological activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
However, it is well-recognized that only a subset of patients ...
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and BCR-ABL
Overview
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia, is one of the few cancers that is known to caused by a single, specific genetic mutation in more than 90% of cases.
The transformation to CML is caused by a reciprocal translocation of the BCR ...
Breast Cancer and HER2
Overview
Approximately 30% of malignant breast cancers demonstrate overamplification of the human epidermal receptor type 2 (HER2) gene, resulting in an overexpression of the HER2 receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor within the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Activation of this class of cellular receptors is ...
Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation can be considered a treatment option for patients with aggressive, refractory multiple sclerosis, a single-center study suggested.